Relationships Among the Feeding Behaviors of a Mirid Bug on Cotton Leaves of Different Ages and Plant Biochemical Substances

Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür) (Hemiptera: Miridae) tends to feed on young plant tissues. To explore the relationship between stylet probing behaviors of adult A. lucorum and conditions of cotton leaves, we conducted an experiment using electropenetrography (EPG). Behaviors were recorded on four cotton varieties, in relation to thickness and biochemical traits of differently-aged leaves. Cotton leaf age had a significant effect on the probing behavior of A. lucorum but cotton variety did not. One-day-old leaves of A. lucorum received the highest mean number of stylet probes (penetrations) per insect, and longest mean durations per insect of combined stylet probing or its components, cell rupture and ingestion behaviors. All of the leaf traits (thickness and biochemical substances) were similar among these four cotton varieties. Leaf thickness had a significantly negative effect on the same four variables above. Gossypol and tannin also had a negative impact on combined probing duration. Redundancy analysis showed that the four EPG variables were closely related to nutrient substances (amino acids, sugar, and water) while they had the opposite relationship with plant defense substances (gossypol and tannin). On cotton in the seedling stages, A. lucorum fed more readily on the youngest, thinnest leaves in our no-choice EPG experiments. Nutrients and chemical resistance substances determined the probing duration of A. lucorum. Our findings can contribute to better understanding of patterns of feeding and host consumption by A. lucorum, ultimately improving cotton resistance to A. lucorum.     

有机肥与化肥配施对植烟土壤养分及烟叶产质量的影响

为豫中烟区生产上有机肥的选择及合理配施提供科学依据,采用大田试验方法,研究芝麻饼肥、生物有机肥和高碳基肥与化肥配施对土壤养分及烟叶常规化学成分、中性致香物质和经济效益的影响。结果表明:土壤有机碳和微生物量碳不同处理变幅分别为7.35～10.63g/kg和36.45～80.86mg/kg,有机肥+化肥处理均显著高于纯化肥处理;碱解氮和微生物量氮不同处理变幅分别为50.29～58.95mg/kg和42.23～60.69mg/kg,生物有机肥+化肥和高碳基肥+化肥处理碱解氮含量均显著高于纯化肥处理,有机肥与化肥配施处理微生物量氮均显著高于纯化肥处理,各有机肥与化肥配施处理间差异不显著;脲酶和多酚氧化酶活性3种有机肥与化肥配施处理与纯化肥处理间差异不显著,蔗糖酶活性生物有机肥+化肥和高碳基肥+化肥处理显著高于纯化肥处理;与纯化肥处理相比,3种有机肥与化肥配施烤后烟叶的总糖、还原糖和钾含量升高,烟碱含量降低,常规化学成分的协调性提高;除新植二烯外的香气物质总量各有机肥与化肥配施处理较纯化肥处理增加;各有机肥与化肥配施处理较纯化肥处理烟叶的均价和产值均显著提高。豫中烟叶生产中以高碳基肥与化肥按1∶1配施的应用效果较好。     

基于多元变量的南极磷虾拖网作业状态影响因素分析

拖网作业过程中的网位、网身状态、拖网整体状态是评价拖网性能优劣的重要指标。以南极磷虾拖网为例，通过测量拖网不同部位（上纲、第3~4节网身连接处和网囊口上部中点）深度，以部位间深度差表示拖网作业状态，分析捕捞操作、海洋环境和渔获量对拖网作业状态的影响，确定中层拖网作业过程中状态的变化趋势。结果表明：（1）上纲与第3~4节网身连接处深度差范围为-0.20~8.02 m，上纲与网囊口上部中点深度差范围为6.49~30.16 m；（2）曳纲长度、拖速、风速、150 m水层流速对磷虾拖网上纲深度影响显著（P< 0.05）；上纲深度与曳纲长度和150 m水层流速呈正相关关系，与拖速呈负相关关系，随风速增加，上纲深度先减小后增大；（3）拖速、200 m水层流速和浪高对上纲与第3~4节网身连接处深度差影响极显著（P< 0.05）；上纲与第3~4节网身连接处深度差具有随拖速和200 m水层流速的增加，先增大后减小的趋势；其中拖速2.6 kn和200 m水层流速0.3 kn时，上纲与网囊口上部中点深度差最大，2 m浪高时，深度差最小；（4）渔获量与上纲和网囊口上部中点深度差呈正相关关系；（5）曳纲长度是影响拖网作业状态的最重要因素，其次是拖网速度、风速、浪高和水流速度。     

2018年中国部分地区猪瘟病毒2.1d亚型新流行株的基因组特征分析

为了解中国猪瘟病毒（classical swine fever virus，CSFV）的分子流行病学及遗传变异情况，本研究应用RT-PCR方法对2018年采集自河南、河北、山东、黑龙江和辽宁5个省份的350份疑似CSFV感染的病料进行E2和NS5B基因扩增，并对PCR产物进行测序和序列分析。结果显示，350份样品中21份为CSFV阳性，共获得14株CSFV的E2基因序列和7株CSFV的部分NS5B基因序列。E2全基因、NS5B部分基因序列分析表明，21份阳性样品均属于近年来在中国流行的CSFV 2.1d亚型，且新发现的2.1d亚型CSFV与中国较早2.1d亚型CSFV毒株间同源性差异不大，新发现的2.1d亚型CSFV分离株在E2基因的6个氨基酸（R³¹、S³⁴、W¹⁸²、K²⁰⁵、K³⁰³、A³³¹）上具有相同的分子特征，E2蛋白中15个位点上的半胱氨酸均未发生变异。韩国2.1d亚型CSFV在E2蛋白上具有3个独特的氨基酸（N⁹⁷、K¹⁵⁹、R²⁰⁵）特征，并且发现了韩国毒株YC11WB可能作为2.1b和2.1d亚型CSFV过渡毒株的证据，流行于中国和韩国的2.1d亚型CSFV可能分别来自于本国早期2.1b亚型CSFV的衍化。本研究证实，2018年中国及周边国家CSFV较为活跃，且流行毒株依然以2.1d亚型为主，为中国科学防控CSFV提供了依据。     

立式双曲面网板水动力性能及流场可视化研究

网板是拖网作业系统中重要的属具之一,其水动力性能的优劣直接关系到拖网网口的扩张,并影响其生产效果和经济效益。采用单因素试验法,利用水槽模型试验和数值模拟(computational fluid dynamics, CFD)研究立式双曲面模型网板在不同展弦比λ(2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0)、弯曲度f/C(10%、15%、20%)、后退角Λ(0°、10°、15°)下的水动力性能,分析不同结构参数的网板水动力性能,对比两种方法的结果,并实现网板周围流场可视化。结果显示:①2号网板(λ=3.0、f/C=15%、Λ=10°)升力系数最大,冲角25°时,模型试验值为1.70,数值模拟值为1.88,阻力系数随冲角增大一直增大,且后部流速的模拟值和测定值平均偏差为4.40%,两种方法获得的结果吻合度高。②2号网板在流场分布中边界层分离点随冲角增大逐渐向翼端前沿移动,中心面后部涡旋随冲角增大一直增大,左翼板侧低压区随冲角增大呈先增大后减小趋势,网板尾部随冲角增大形成明显的翼端涡,产生涡升力对网板提供附加升力,使得立式双曲面网板比其他类型网板有较高升力。     

Physiological Response of Multiple Contrasting Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars to Suboptimal Temperatures

The physiological response of multiple rice cultivars, eighteen initially and eight cultivars later on, to suboptimal temperatures (ST) conditions was investigated in laboratory and outdoor experimental conditions. Treatment with ST decreased growth in different extents according to the cultivar and affected the PSII performance, determined by chlorophyll fluorescence fast‐transient test, and stomatal conductance, regardless the experimental condition. Two groups of cultivars could be distinguished on the base of their growth and physiological parameters. The group of cultivars presenting higher growths displayed optimal JIP values, and higher instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE_i), due to a lower Gs under ST, unlike cultivars showing lower growth values, which presented worse JIP values and could not adjust their Gs and hence their WUE_i. In this work, we detected at least two cultivars with superior tolerance to ST than the cold tolerant referent Koshihikari. These cultivars could be used as parents or tolerance donors in breeding for new crop varieties. On other hand, positive and significant correlations between data obtained from laboratory and outdoor experiments suggest that laboratory measurements of most of the above mentioned parameters would be useful to predict the response of rice cultivars to ST outdoor.     

Characterization of common bean wild populations for their in situ conservation in Northwestern Argentina

In situ conservation of wild species is a method of conservation that allows keeping populations in their natural environments, and set the strategies for maintaining the natural populations. The Active Bank of Northwestern Argentina (BANOA) is in charge of the in situ conservation of wild populations of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Northwestern Argentina (NOA), and has an ex situ collection of 401 landraces and 221 wild accessions from the NOA. We evaluated the phenotypic diversity of 68 common bean wild populations from the NOA both in protected and unprotected areas, finding a moderate variation among them. Ten phenotypic reproductive characteristics related to pod and seed displayed significant differences in the analysis of variance; these traits together with the seed weight were the basis for the multivariate analysis. The cluster analysis ordered the populations in 12 groups but trends in geographical distribution or phenotypical variation were not recognized. For the conservation in situ of the wild bean populations, their diversity should be considered. Two types of populations can be highlighted: (i) candidates for in situ conservation in order to preserve the novel variation generated by convergence with cultivated sympatric germplasm (populations 433, 437, 471, 509, 513 and 517) and (ii) those whose phenotype represents clearly the wild status and should be preserved in situ as such in their current status (populations 480, 495, 496, 525 and 533).     

基于PLC的碟式太阳自动跟踪控制系统研究

由于太阳辐射方向的时刻改变和太阳辐射能的不稳定性,导致碟式太阳能发电系统利用率始终较低。为了解决这个问题,本文提出了一种基于PLC控制的全天候自动跟踪方式,利用光照强度与光照强度阈值的差值作为跟踪方式切换的判据,不仅消除了程序跟踪造成的累积误差,而且避免了光电传感器在阴天或多云时无法工作的问题。为保证系统在任何天气情况下均可稳定运行,信息反馈元件增加了风速传感器、温度传感器及倾角传感器。另外,在设计系统硬软件时,采取了一系列措施来进一步降低系统运行成本。     

关于加快我国实验室生物安保发展的几点建议

近年来,随着对病原微生物和各种传染性疾病研究的深入,我国生物实验室数量越来越多,完善实验室生物安保体系对于保护科研人员和社会安全具有重大意义。本文首先明确了实验室生物安保和实验室生物安全的区别与联系,而后指出我国存在生物安保相关法规制度不完善,实验室实施环节生物安保能力较为薄弱等问题,并借鉴WHO和部分发达国家的生物安保法规以及实施现状,提出了完善制度法规,加强实验室实施环节能力建设,强化生物安保培训,加强风险评估认识等适合我国生物安保发展现状的相关建议,以期为完善我国生物安保体系,加快生物安保发展提供参考。     

THE THEOREM OF STATIONARY VALUE OF WEIGHTED ENERGY AND ITS WEIGHTING FUNCTIONS

This paper presents two energy functionals which are made as stationary values. Thus, the theorem of stationary value of weighted generalized potential energy and the theorem of stationary value of weighted generalized complementary energy are established. In the first theorem, the stress boundary weighting function must be equal to the internal weighting function while the displacement boundary weighting function is independen; and in the (?)econd theorem, the displacement boundary weighting function must be equal to the internal weighting function while the stress boundary weighting function is independent.